Andre bazin’s myth of cinema (Film Studies)

During the 19th century Andre bazin was introduced as film critic. He observed not only movie but also the way of presentation. He was famous as his critical analysis of film. He was the great observer who observed that all thing in that day whets going on in today’s film  world.  During the second journey of informative theory he introduced an article known as “the myth of total cinema. The article straightly said about director’s psychology about making money and the future of cinema.

Andre Bazin believed that black and white movies are best artistic form, which conveys a right and meaningful message. As he was in the time of informative theory second journey, so mostly he praised black and white movie.

Andre bazin’s personal view about movie was that, it’s not a way of just coining money it has social, artistic responsibility. The way as films are presented those just shows, that director wants more and more profit. The changing of cinema and its spectators in his article myth of total cinema.
The article mostly covered the binging of cinema and its changing way .His viewed about technology was more technology gives more illogical thing.  If today we think deeply about his prediction, what he said around more than 65 years before that all are going on today.

Now the cinema has been only a medium of earning money. Director thinks about only movie which helps them earning a lot of profit. The art of film has lost somewhere; it’s an art of earning.
In today’s world live character replaced by animated character, which killing art and soul of film. More technology making us confuse what is we watching in cinema. The cinema has been changed in circus where we watch different type of stunt rather meaningful and useful story.

Cinema mere gadgetry without narrtivity ; Hugo Munsterberg (Film Studies)

Hugo munsterberg  had observed movie a lot . in his book photoplay he wrote about psychological view  of film . hugo munserbeg book specially devided into two parts aesthetic and psychology .

He stated about films inner and outer development . about the film’s role he stated the therr basic functions of film are to be , in every film , eduction , information, entertainment . these are the basic psychology as well as function of any movie .  these three basic function should be watched in movies . the movie has  great impact on society , and to understand this ,  the understanding  of film psychology is very important .
He personally felt that technology and sociology worked together to give birth to the movie . without technology imagination of film can not be done and without story technology cant be used . these both are important factor of movie .

Munserberg felt cinema is an art of the mind just as music is that of the ear , and painting is that of the eyes .  Elaborating the sentence as eyes help to judge any painting, ear help judge to music and the mind is that which judge the movie. To understand the message of movie is necessary to understand the psychology of  film.

A movie is depend on beauty of mind . for a director its his mind beauty what he / she presents before spectator with the help of technology and narrative. The invention of and uses of cinema have been developed to shape and creats film out of the mind of human .

The cinema is present in such a way which is beyond on heuman mind . what we cant think movie shows us . Hugo said film is a medium not of the world but, of the mind . it means film is connected with our mind . movie depends on mental life not in technology . The more technology may spoil the soul of  the movie  , so narrative of movie is more important .

If cutting is prose then montage poetry (Film Studies)

The very simple statement is prose is story which is goes so far , while poetry is collection of attractive , effective and meaningful  words which explain poet  views in just some words . The poetry always gives a  effective and  best  touch  .  A poet while writing choose words very specific and meaningful. now the coming on  statement  as we know that montage is theory which deals a creative  editing . Show two or more than two stories in same time called montage  mostly montage used for completing story in  limited time . Same way poetry used for explaining the meaning of poet views in just some words .The words of poetry touch our heart , while the montage in film touch our emotions .

The montage theory is invented by the great film theorist surigien eienstin. He was the first person who thinks about this creative editing . In today’s cinema montage has been flavour  of the month . In most of the movie montage theory  used weather  its Hollywood our bollwood . The qualities of montage are bringing two story together and collaborate it . movie like Rambo , pshycho and in india Don . kabhi khusi kabhi gam , dhoom are the best example of montage theory . Again correlating poetry to montage as we know about two literatures first is chetan bhagat  and second is kumar vishwas  , where chetan is writer’s story while kumar vishwas is a poet who writes poetries the both artist use words but the matter is,  one complete his views  in just some words while another complete it in a book .

This is the simple and easiest way to understands the  statement . As poetry words touch our heart montage editing touch our mind . Using  montage is useful  for a director as well as spectators also. the same way using poetry to convey any massege is very easy to understands its audience.

Constructivism (Film Studies)

Constructivism is all about the teaching techniques.  It deals with the mixed format of presentation to build up a single story. This theory’s statement is inbuilt in every human being from the birth. It only deals with creating inters in the minds of the audience and the viewers. All the detail expressed in the theory stately states that the humans get knowledge from their own experiences so we can state that Constructivism is a learning theory in psychology of human’s feelings.

Constructivism is the idea that learning doesn’t just happen by traditional methods of teachers standing in front of the class and lecturing. It is done through their experience Constructivism is an epistemological belief about what "knowing" is and how one "come to know." Constructivists believe in individual interpretations of the reality, i.e. the knower and the known are interactive and inseparable. The best way were this theory is used is in the horror or in thriller movies.

The Exosist,physic,shutter are the first level movies which have developed this theory under the proper narration of the story.

Knowledge is constructed based on personal experiences and hypotheses of the environment. Learners continuously test these hypotheses through social negotiation. Each person has a different interpretation and construction of knowledge process. The learner is not a blank slate depends on how the director implements every seans but by bringing the past experiences and cultural factors to a situation.

Foregrounding (Film Studies)

Foregrounding is the term used in art to explain any kind of opposite meanings or to define any negative things to explain others. The immediate effect of foregrounding is to make strange to achieve defamiliarization. When used poetically, words and groups of words evoke a greater richness of images and feelings than if they were to occur in a talkative expression.

The most common means employed by the writers is repetition. Our attention is immediately captivated by the repetition of the sounds of certain words or by the words they and we begin to analyze the reasons why the writer is repeating this particular sound or word. In the tongue twister, "she sells sea shells on the sea shore" it is plain that 'S' and 'Sh' are foregrounded for their euphonic effect.

Verdonk states that foregrounding is the psychological effect a literary reader has as s/he is reading a work of literature. It is generally used to highlight important parts of a text, to aid memo capacity and or to invite interpretation. In foregrounding the writer uses the sounds of words or the words themselves in such a way that the readers' attention is immediately captivated.

The immediate effect of foregrounding is to make strange to achieve defamiliarization. When used poetically, words and groups of words evoke a greater richness of images and feelings than if they were to occur in a talkative expression.

Phi-phenomenon (Fim Studies)

The phi-phenomenon is to differeancate it from optimal apparent movement, which resembles real movement. The phi-phenomenon, best conditions for seeing it, were not described clearly leading to considerable there is some confusion about its appearance and occurrence. the history leading to the discovery of the phi-phenomenon, The illusion of motion pictures is based on the optical phenomena known as persistence of vision and the phi phenomenon. The phi phenomenon is apparent movement caused by alternating light positions.

 In part, such effects of apparent movement (called the visual phi phenomenon) depend on persistence of vision: visual response outlasts a stimulus by a fraction of a second. Wertheimer illustrated this phenomenon on an apparatus he built that utilized two discrete lights on different locations.

 Although the lights are stationary, flashing the lights at succeeding time intervals causes the retina to perceive the light as moving. The first of these causes the brain to retain images cast upon the retina of the eye for a fraction of a second beyond their disappearance from the field of sight, while the latter creates apparent movement between images when they succeed one another rapidly.  The explanation of the phi phenomena was that movement is perceived because the eye itself moves in response to the successive flashes of light. The movement an observer experiences is based on feedback from the moving eye. Together these... ...movement. Stationary light bulbs coming on one after the other over the theatre entrance also produce an impression of steady movement.

When the interval between successive flashes of a stationary light is less than this... ...creates the illusion that the stationary light is moving. Wertheimer felt that there was a need for a model of such dynamic experiences, and he hypothesized a possible physiological process: “The motion is due to a field of activity among cells, not excitation in isolated cells but field effects” (1937). This model applies concepts of field-theoretical physics to a neurological event. One theory to account for this is that the impression is caused by minute eye movements of the observer. The so-called phi phenomenon is an illusion of movement that arises when stationary objects—light bulbs, for example—are placed side by side and illuminated rapidly one after another.

Natyashastra (Film Studies)

Natyashastra is a compilation of work by various sages but the tradition offers its authorship to sage Bharata. In ‘Natya Shastra’, there is a small story about the origin of Indian dance. According to Hindu mythology, dance first existed in heaven. There was always a constant conflict between the Asuras and the Devas for wealth and power. The Devas were tired of the Asuras’ greediness and jealousy. Natyashastra opens with the origin of theatre, beginning with inquiries made by Bharata`s pupils, which he answers by narrating the myth of its source in Brahma.

This art explains the nature, objective, and expanse of natya as a Veda through this unique myth. It can be interpreted in many ways, but can draw certain obvious characteristics of Sanskrit theatre the natya was created by Brahma, the god of creation, a source of pleasure to minds the four vedas were created by Brahma, but the lower cast and ladies were not allowed to study them. So he created an entirely new activity. Brahma named this activity ‘Natya’, which was later, renamed ‘Natya Veda’.

The art of ‘Natya’ was performed before an audience of Devas and Asuras. Natyashastra as Abhinavagupta provides not only his own illuminating interpretation of the Natyashastra, but wide information about pre-Bharata traditions as well as varied interpretations of the text offered by his predecessors. A lot of importance is given to music in natyashastra, the classical Indian concept of the drama, including dance, music, poetics, and general aesthetics. Its primary importance lies in its justification of Indian drama as a vehicle of religious enlightenment. Natyashastra has offered a remarkable dimension to growth and development of Indian classical music, dance, drama and art.