Andre bazin’s myth of cinema (Film Studies)

During the 19th century Andre bazin was introduced as film critic. He observed not only movie but also the way of presentation. He was famous as his critical analysis of film. He was the great observer who observed that all thing in that day whets going on in today’s film  world.  During the second journey of informative theory he introduced an article known as “the myth of total cinema. The article straightly said about director’s psychology about making money and the future of cinema.

Andre Bazin believed that black and white movies are best artistic form, which conveys a right and meaningful message. As he was in the time of informative theory second journey, so mostly he praised black and white movie.

Andre bazin’s personal view about movie was that, it’s not a way of just coining money it has social, artistic responsibility. The way as films are presented those just shows, that director wants more and more profit. The changing of cinema and its spectators in his article myth of total cinema.
The article mostly covered the binging of cinema and its changing way .His viewed about technology was more technology gives more illogical thing.  If today we think deeply about his prediction, what he said around more than 65 years before that all are going on today.

Now the cinema has been only a medium of earning money. Director thinks about only movie which helps them earning a lot of profit. The art of film has lost somewhere; it’s an art of earning.
In today’s world live character replaced by animated character, which killing art and soul of film. More technology making us confuse what is we watching in cinema. The cinema has been changed in circus where we watch different type of stunt rather meaningful and useful story.

Cinema mere gadgetry without narrtivity ; Hugo Munsterberg (Film Studies)

Hugo munsterberg  had observed movie a lot . in his book photoplay he wrote about psychological view  of film . hugo munserbeg book specially devided into two parts aesthetic and psychology .

He stated about films inner and outer development . about the film’s role he stated the therr basic functions of film are to be , in every film , eduction , information, entertainment . these are the basic psychology as well as function of any movie .  these three basic function should be watched in movies . the movie has  great impact on society , and to understand this ,  the understanding  of film psychology is very important .
He personally felt that technology and sociology worked together to give birth to the movie . without technology imagination of film can not be done and without story technology cant be used . these both are important factor of movie .

Munserberg felt cinema is an art of the mind just as music is that of the ear , and painting is that of the eyes .  Elaborating the sentence as eyes help to judge any painting, ear help judge to music and the mind is that which judge the movie. To understand the message of movie is necessary to understand the psychology of  film.

A movie is depend on beauty of mind . for a director its his mind beauty what he / she presents before spectator with the help of technology and narrative. The invention of and uses of cinema have been developed to shape and creats film out of the mind of human .

The cinema is present in such a way which is beyond on heuman mind . what we cant think movie shows us . Hugo said film is a medium not of the world but, of the mind . it means film is connected with our mind . movie depends on mental life not in technology . The more technology may spoil the soul of  the movie  , so narrative of movie is more important .

If cutting is prose then montage poetry (Film Studies)

The very simple statement is prose is story which is goes so far , while poetry is collection of attractive , effective and meaningful  words which explain poet  views in just some words . The poetry always gives a  effective and  best  touch  .  A poet while writing choose words very specific and meaningful. now the coming on  statement  as we know that montage is theory which deals a creative  editing . Show two or more than two stories in same time called montage  mostly montage used for completing story in  limited time . Same way poetry used for explaining the meaning of poet views in just some words .The words of poetry touch our heart , while the montage in film touch our emotions .

The montage theory is invented by the great film theorist surigien eienstin. He was the first person who thinks about this creative editing . In today’s cinema montage has been flavour  of the month . In most of the movie montage theory  used weather  its Hollywood our bollwood . The qualities of montage are bringing two story together and collaborate it . movie like Rambo , pshycho and in india Don . kabhi khusi kabhi gam , dhoom are the best example of montage theory . Again correlating poetry to montage as we know about two literatures first is chetan bhagat  and second is kumar vishwas  , where chetan is writer’s story while kumar vishwas is a poet who writes poetries the both artist use words but the matter is,  one complete his views  in just some words while another complete it in a book .

This is the simple and easiest way to understands the  statement . As poetry words touch our heart montage editing touch our mind . Using  montage is useful  for a director as well as spectators also. the same way using poetry to convey any massege is very easy to understands its audience.

Constructivism (Film Studies)

Constructivism is all about the teaching techniques.  It deals with the mixed format of presentation to build up a single story. This theory’s statement is inbuilt in every human being from the birth. It only deals with creating inters in the minds of the audience and the viewers. All the detail expressed in the theory stately states that the humans get knowledge from their own experiences so we can state that Constructivism is a learning theory in psychology of human’s feelings.

Constructivism is the idea that learning doesn’t just happen by traditional methods of teachers standing in front of the class and lecturing. It is done through their experience Constructivism is an epistemological belief about what "knowing" is and how one "come to know." Constructivists believe in individual interpretations of the reality, i.e. the knower and the known are interactive and inseparable. The best way were this theory is used is in the horror or in thriller movies.

The Exosist,physic,shutter are the first level movies which have developed this theory under the proper narration of the story.

Knowledge is constructed based on personal experiences and hypotheses of the environment. Learners continuously test these hypotheses through social negotiation. Each person has a different interpretation and construction of knowledge process. The learner is not a blank slate depends on how the director implements every seans but by bringing the past experiences and cultural factors to a situation.

Foregrounding (Film Studies)

Foregrounding is the term used in art to explain any kind of opposite meanings or to define any negative things to explain others. The immediate effect of foregrounding is to make strange to achieve defamiliarization. When used poetically, words and groups of words evoke a greater richness of images and feelings than if they were to occur in a talkative expression.

The most common means employed by the writers is repetition. Our attention is immediately captivated by the repetition of the sounds of certain words or by the words they and we begin to analyze the reasons why the writer is repeating this particular sound or word. In the tongue twister, "she sells sea shells on the sea shore" it is plain that 'S' and 'Sh' are foregrounded for their euphonic effect.

Verdonk states that foregrounding is the psychological effect a literary reader has as s/he is reading a work of literature. It is generally used to highlight important parts of a text, to aid memo capacity and or to invite interpretation. In foregrounding the writer uses the sounds of words or the words themselves in such a way that the readers' attention is immediately captivated.

The immediate effect of foregrounding is to make strange to achieve defamiliarization. When used poetically, words and groups of words evoke a greater richness of images and feelings than if they were to occur in a talkative expression.

Phi-phenomenon (Fim Studies)

The phi-phenomenon is to differeancate it from optimal apparent movement, which resembles real movement. The phi-phenomenon, best conditions for seeing it, were not described clearly leading to considerable there is some confusion about its appearance and occurrence. the history leading to the discovery of the phi-phenomenon, The illusion of motion pictures is based on the optical phenomena known as persistence of vision and the phi phenomenon. The phi phenomenon is apparent movement caused by alternating light positions.

 In part, such effects of apparent movement (called the visual phi phenomenon) depend on persistence of vision: visual response outlasts a stimulus by a fraction of a second. Wertheimer illustrated this phenomenon on an apparatus he built that utilized two discrete lights on different locations.

 Although the lights are stationary, flashing the lights at succeeding time intervals causes the retina to perceive the light as moving. The first of these causes the brain to retain images cast upon the retina of the eye for a fraction of a second beyond their disappearance from the field of sight, while the latter creates apparent movement between images when they succeed one another rapidly.  The explanation of the phi phenomena was that movement is perceived because the eye itself moves in response to the successive flashes of light. The movement an observer experiences is based on feedback from the moving eye. Together these... ...movement. Stationary light bulbs coming on one after the other over the theatre entrance also produce an impression of steady movement.

When the interval between successive flashes of a stationary light is less than this... ...creates the illusion that the stationary light is moving. Wertheimer felt that there was a need for a model of such dynamic experiences, and he hypothesized a possible physiological process: “The motion is due to a field of activity among cells, not excitation in isolated cells but field effects” (1937). This model applies concepts of field-theoretical physics to a neurological event. One theory to account for this is that the impression is caused by minute eye movements of the observer. The so-called phi phenomenon is an illusion of movement that arises when stationary objects—light bulbs, for example—are placed side by side and illuminated rapidly one after another.

Natyashastra (Film Studies)

Natyashastra is a compilation of work by various sages but the tradition offers its authorship to sage Bharata. In ‘Natya Shastra’, there is a small story about the origin of Indian dance. According to Hindu mythology, dance first existed in heaven. There was always a constant conflict between the Asuras and the Devas for wealth and power. The Devas were tired of the Asuras’ greediness and jealousy. Natyashastra opens with the origin of theatre, beginning with inquiries made by Bharata`s pupils, which he answers by narrating the myth of its source in Brahma.

This art explains the nature, objective, and expanse of natya as a Veda through this unique myth. It can be interpreted in many ways, but can draw certain obvious characteristics of Sanskrit theatre the natya was created by Brahma, the god of creation, a source of pleasure to minds the four vedas were created by Brahma, but the lower cast and ladies were not allowed to study them. So he created an entirely new activity. Brahma named this activity ‘Natya’, which was later, renamed ‘Natya Veda’.

The art of ‘Natya’ was performed before an audience of Devas and Asuras. Natyashastra as Abhinavagupta provides not only his own illuminating interpretation of the Natyashastra, but wide information about pre-Bharata traditions as well as varied interpretations of the text offered by his predecessors. A lot of importance is given to music in natyashastra, the classical Indian concept of the drama, including dance, music, poetics, and general aesthetics. Its primary importance lies in its justification of Indian drama as a vehicle of religious enlightenment. Natyashastra has offered a remarkable dimension to growth and development of Indian classical music, dance, drama and art.

Kabuki (Film Studies)

Kabuki is traditional theatrical of Japan. It has a wide popularity among the people which makes Japan an extraordinary and unique country. They had become very popular. The art of kabuki was first started by  merchants in those days and had become very popular The Basic themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity. The players of the kabuki drama was played by women’s in its earlier stage and with the increasing popularity of kabuki, due to issues the appearance of women was officially banned. As Kabuki was already accepted by the public instead of women men had taken their place and till now kabuki art is presented by men but not by women.

In Kabuki there is a group play with dance and drama which is primarily and almost exclusively dance. In the dance-drama, actors dance to the full accompaniment of vocal and instrumental music. Kabuki music is classified in many categories. Among these, the most frequently used today are nagauta, tokiwazu, kiyomoto, and gidayu, the latter always being used in a drama adapted from the puppet theater. it also has many types of audio effects The most unique feature of kabuki is it mainly emphasis upon the actor.

Kabuki plays may be divided into two categories thus the vast majority of the classical kabuki plays were supplied by the writers attached to the various kabuki theaters. Historical drama, Domestic drama. In Kabuki makeup is very essential as Make-up provides an outer expression of the heart.

This art is the oldest form of art with lots of thoughts and message with a beautiful presentation. The same art form of art is there in India i.e Kathakali and Mohiniyattam is the best example to understand the basic concept of Kabuki art form and the interesting thing is that our two art form were there in our land before the emergence of the Kabuki.

Rasa Theory (Film Studies)

Rasa theory is the ancient for of Indian art which came in to being from the pre historic age. The main element of the rasa is the expression and the jesters of the artist to show the intense of the scean in that play or scean. Art not only entertains people but also the logo and educated. Rasa Theory changes in the play expresses in mainly 8 different expressions to relate to the audience to shoe the in-depth of that particular feelings. They are Hāsyam is Laughter, Raudram is Fury, Kāruṇyam is Compassion, Tragedy., Bībhatsam is Disgust, Vīram is, Adbhutam is, Sringara is Love, Bhayānakam is Horror .

To understans the Rasa theory the best option is to see a Dramas or any traditional art form like Ram Katha or Kadhakali. Both the mentioned art for are filled with all the nav ras as their basic concept of acting is totally on the expression point of view. Rasa theory plays a very important role in building up the Indian cinema. The brief history of our cinema talks volume about the influence of the Rasa theory.

Rasa theory is simply the behavior of every living being including plants and animals. So when its comes to Bollywood movie we all becomes so concern about the story line as what they are showing us in the big screen is there in our mind and nature from the time we are born as humans and we all started relating ourselves to that particular character in that particular situation. That is the main reasons were we cry and laugh with the situation scripted in the movie.

The best Indian movies which express this Rasa theories are Wakt, bagban, chak day India,damani ram leela etc.

Achut Kanya

Achut Kanya the name itself defines the concept of the movie. The film basically speaks volume about the untouchable old culture of our Indian society. It’s a love story between a Brahmin boy and a Dalit girl. The story defines about the element of pure love and sacrifice of the young couple. This was one of the films which have challenged the cultural elements of India in those days. This movie has so many specialty within it like this was the first ever film with no play back singers all the songs of the movie was sang along with shoot. This movie was the mile stone which have contributed to generate the social feeling in the minds of the people.

In all the scenes the director has successfully defined every emotional plot of the movie. All the songs were hit. This movie has drawn a new parameter for the thinkers of the Indian cinema. One of the main elements in this film is about the way of presentation. The establishing short is from the railway track, which is the climax of the movie. In the history of Indian cinema this was the first to introduce the movie with the climax element in the starting it self this was the main step for which this movie got an award from the Bombay Talkies.
If we talk about the camera angle then, only few camera shorts are used again and again i.e. the closup,mid short, long shorts. The movie is blessed with perfect camera angles and apt attitude of narrative structure of the story is just too good that it holds the viewers to think up the up coming event in the movie.

Thought the topic in the movie was familiar to everyone and was screened in the very controversial mode of time but still the movie was a block blaster hit of those times. If we see closer to Bimal Roy’s movies the ending is always sad example (DO BIGHA ZAMIN) the topic which this director choose is related to the real social life, and the same foot prints are followed  by our famous director Sanjay Leela Bhansali. In all Bansali’s movies we can see the same taught of making films on the real life’s and real social problems.

Schindler’s List

Schindler’s List  is a real life story of a German business man who is a member of the Nazi Party Hitler. The detain description of Oscar Schindler is described in the starting open shorts of the movie when he put of the pin which has the symbol of Nazi party. From the starting short till the end the personality of the lead character is Mr.Schindler is maintained till the end of the film. The one main element of the film which makes it outstanding is the way of narration of the story no were the director have shown extra drama sort of thing the flow of the story is maintained clearly till the end.

The director of this film has experimented to mix the classic French theory and the Italian theory and its was lead to a golden feather to the movie. Every scene is perfectly described in a proper sequence.  Lots of violence and nudity in the movie is the key element in the movie to show the in-depth feeling of the movie. All the things shown in the movie was the real happenings nothing in the whole was included to add on to the entertainment part of the movie.

This move to me is a classic example of Cultivation theory and Russian Federalism  because both the theory is explained in detail with relevant camera angles. The main Scene in the movie which stay’s in the mind is when in Mr. Schindler birthday party a Jews lady comes to wish him and he openly kisses that Jews lady in front of the other big German Military officers. After this scene we can identify the feeling of Schindler for the Jews and his main motive behind opening the factory. The Crisp element in the whole movie is the understanding between Mr.Schindler and the Account. No were I the movie the account have asked about what actually Schindler needed to do, but still they understand each others duty.

Schindler’s List comes under the top list of movies which have done experiment with the theories and have got a huge success.

The Exorcist (1973)

It is one of the most haunted movie picturised in Hollywood. The.The scrip and the suspense element it the movies are totally dragging the viewer totally in to the story line of the movie .The story is basically simple were a child is attacked with the evil spirit and the ill effect of the evil deeds on that child and the helpfulness of the mother to help her child out of that station.
 The main element in the whole movie is the story line and the music elements all through the movie.This was the film which was nominated to Oscar for the very first time in the history of horror film making. All the effects and the way of presentation of each seen has their own importance role in the whole film.

 This is the film filled with emotions with the horror suspense through out the movie.Each of the turn of the film is differently plated but still they has their own position all through the film. In the first half the story line is totally different and in the mid its all about the struggle between the girl and the devil.The last seen is filled with total suspense and horrirism in it.

 From start till end the movie has the thrilling element which creates the curious element in the minds of viewers. If we look close to the back ground music it is more the devotional type music used in the church during the prayers visualized with full horror music elements. One of the main jests which I saw in this movie is the perfect piloting i.e thought the movie is soothed in the same room on bed but with different camera angles. And so I think that some of the camera shorts are inspired from the film (rare window).

The Cultivitation theory is implemented in this movie so wonderfully that the viewer cannot guess what is going to happen in the next scean. The Director of the film have set a new domination for the Cultivation theory. The other main theory which the director has implemented in the movie is the Rasa theory to express the seriousness of the situation like the girls reaction when her mother crying to leave her child.

 All the horror films have adopted the same strategy which this movie has follow for example the (Haunted). The most unforgettable movement in the whole movie for me is the 360 spin of the girls neck and the upside down walking of the girl on the stairs.This two seen clearly explains the in depth of movie. To me its one of the horror movie with good expressive story line and perfect conclusion for each part with the twisting element of 2 more parts.I personally was shocked to see all the effects soothed in that time of 1973.

Do Bigha Zamin

The film opens with images of a parched earth and barren trees. The country has suffered a 2 year draught. Farmer Shambu Mahato delighting with his wife Paro and son Kanhaiya, in the hope that the rain will come and finally rains in the region.

Do Bigha Zamin is a sad film. The saddest part is the realization that between the India of 1950 and that of 2013 not much has changed for the Indian farmer. As we see in today’s world we have thousands of Shambhus, committing suicide This film is not a idioms and phrase of the Director in order to create an tragedy its is a part of millions who works in the hot sun everyday gaining very little and often losing everything.

The film is high on melodrama but as its is a Indian Film that can be easily understood. Bimal Roy was very influenced by The Movie Bicycle Thief and hence Do Bigha Zamin has many similarities though the director is influenced by the movie even though it is melodramatic, but the film looks totally real and convincing. There are many scenes like Shambhu crying helplessly or the famous rickshaw race sequence touch the heart of the viewers which creates the impact of their own humanness. In this Movie its mainly showed the poverty line of the poor farmers where a family is destroyed for the need of just  rs5.

Do Bigha Zamin has an existing beauty. The poverty of Shambhu is not humiliating Shambhu decides to earn the money in a right way and never backdown from his ethics. As we had seen in the movie the ending of the movie is partly sad but still in the end, even when they have lost everything, the family remains united.
The movie is very simple story of two lovers who belong to two different cast and the problems faced by them. As it’s an Indian film ii is more about emotions and cultural bonding without hurting any of the India cultural elements. The movie is totally focused and build on the Rasa Theory. The movie has a bunch of scene were the director have wonderfully expressed the intense of the artist with the implementation of the Russian Federalism  but the movie is more expressed on the construction of the two main elements of Rasa theory i.e love and anger.

The original script of the film was like Parvati dying in the end and Shambhu getting the land back but Bimal Roy’s thought that this was an Harsh thing to happen so he changed the ending.